NRRPC Website - From Pest to Profit

Back to Hot Topics

< Back to the Index

From Pest to Profit (Cont.)

Summary and recommendations

This study has established that current formal and informal trading in the harvesting, milling and value adding of camphor laurel in north-eastern New South Wales exceeds one million dollars per annum in turnover, and involves the full-time and part-time employment of more than thirty persons.

The capacity for this turnover to expand exists primarily because of the confirmation of a significant available resource of more than 50,000 cubic metres of millable timber, which could support in the long term substantially higher rates of usage than at present, and secondly because of the opportunity to integrate the conventional timber harvesting techniques with removal and clearing of camphor trees for the establishment of eucalypt plantations, the marketing of biomass for ‘green’ power production, and the extraction of natural oils.

Timber production alone could expand substantially provided that adequate support is given to nurture a structure that will develop standards and procedures able to meet the commercial demands of the market. Especially following the declaration of camphor laurel as a noxious weed, there is a real urgency to develop organisational structures and marketing strategies to ensure that optimum benefits flow from the increasing volumes of timber and biomass that are expected to become available. Among the many recommendations made within this report and listed below, several essential preliminary steps need to be taken to assist in the development of strategies for marketing camphor laurel timber. These are:

1. A Camphor Laurel Loggers and Processors Association needs to be formed with a simple set of association rules and regulations. It would be helpful if assistance could be given for secretarial and administrative inputs in its formative period to ensure rapid establishment and operation. This will be necessary as Association members will be heavily involved in increasing the throughput and efficiency of their own commercial operations.

2. The internet site developed by Mr Rob Latham is considered to be a crucial element for the Association that will provide vital means of communication between Association members as well as publicising camphor laurel products and attracting e-commerce customers.

3. A small Camphor Laurel Taskforce needs to be established with representatives of the Association, and of Local, State and Federal Government with the specific tasks of:
(i) more precisely determining the volume and characteristics of the camphor laurel resource;
(ii) assisting the Association to organise the logging, processing and marketing of camphor laurel in a logical, efficient and integrated manner; and
(iii) defining the specific activities and resources necessary to ensure that the Association and its members can effectively handle the expected increase in availability of log and biomass material.

4. An attempt at growth modelling needs to be made to gain some idea of how the rate of growth of camphor laurel compares with the current rate of removal, and the effect of this on standing and future volumes.

5. To ensure that there is an immediate follow-up to clearing and removal of camphor laurel, the procedures necessary for replanting with approved species need to be set up by the relevant authorities. Besides Local and State Government, there also needs to be contact with community groups such as the Sub-tropical Farm Forestry Association, Landcare groups, Greening Australia, and the Nursery Industry Association. Close co-ordination will be necessary between those involved in logging or clearing, and those replanting.

The following is a list of all recommendations as and in the order in which they appear in the report.

1 Introduction

Recommendation 1.1 That progress by State Forests of New South Wales in their program of timber plantation establishment on camphor laurel lands be monitored closely, and that their activities be integrated as appropriate with other regional activities involving the utilisation and removal of Cinnamomum camphora. [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Department of Land and Water Conservation]

Recommendation 1.2 That consideration be given to using students of the School of Resource Science and Management (including students in the Sustainable Forestry program), Southern Cross University, to carry out some of the recommended actions. Some of these recommendations may make suitable research projects for final year undergraduate students or post-graduate students in partial fulfilment of the requirements of their courses of study, and therefore can be undertaken at minimal cost.

2 The Camphor Laurel Resource

Recommendation 2.1 That a study be undertaken of the rate of spread of camphor laurel. Using the DLWC vegetation map (based on 1991 aerial photography) as a basis, and taking a representative subset of that distribution, determine the distribution in the past (years to be selected according to availability of aerial photography) and at present (by obtaining up-to-date aerial photography, purpose-flown if necessary). Such a project would require a skilled aerial photograph interpreter, as different scales of photography and both colour and monochrome images may be involved. [Department of Land and Water Conservation, Far North Coast County Council, State Forests of NSW, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.2 That research be undertaken into the distribution of biomass (leaves, branches, stem wood, stem bark, +/- roots) within natural stands of C. camphora in the Richmond- Tweed district. [State Forests of NSW, Southern Cross University, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.3 That a comprehensive study be made of the physical and mechanical properties of timber from local camphor laurel trees, with special attention to the existence of different ‘varieties’, and to variations in timber properties according to site conditions. The work of Shukla et al. (1994) could form a partial basis for such a study. [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, State Forests of NSW, Southern Cross University, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.4 That a study be undertaken of the micromorphological characteristics of the leaves of the two chemotypes of C. camphora within the Richmond-Tweed region, distinguished on the basis of oil composition, with the aim of developing an objective field technique for the rapid discrimination of these varieties. The work of Singh, Baruah and Nath (1995) could form a basis for such a study. [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, State Forests of NSW, Southern Cross University, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.5 That information from later inventories and biomass trials by State Forests of NSW and the Department of Land and Water Conservation be used to review the available volume estimates made here. [State Forests of NSW, Department of Land and Water Conservation, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.6 That growth modelling of camphor laurel stands be undertaken in order to predict annual rates of biomass accumulation, and of timber growth. [State Forests of NSW, Southern Cross University, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 2.7 That a study be made of individual trees of known age to determine whether growth rings are annual, and whether stem analysis can provide estimates of periodic volume increment. If the rings are annual, then the study should be extended to provide estimates of periodic volume increments in stands.
[Southern Cross University, State Forests of NSW, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

3. Action Plan: Timber Flows

Recommendation 3.1 That local councils, whether or not within the area to which the noxious weed declaration applies, consider the possibilities for the recovery of logs from trees removed from council land (and by other agencies from other public land) and their sale to timber users through council waste disposal/recycling facilities.

Recommendation 3.2 That the Department of Land and Water Conservation, as the authority administering the Native Vegetation Conservation Act, include within the Regional Vegetation Management Plan for the North Coast Region provisions specific to the clearing of Cinnamomum camphora from protected land. [Department of Land and Water Conservation]

Recommendation 3.3 That the authority administering the Threatened Species Conservation Act (DLWC) be encouraged to formulate a policy, supported by appropriate legal instruments (e.g. SEPP), on the removal and replacement of Cinnamomum camphora to ensure the consistent application of the provisions of the act to proposals for timber harvesting operations likely to affect threatened species within areas of vegetation containing C. camphora. [Department of Land and Water Conservation, National Parks and Wildlife Service, State Forests of NSW]

Recommendation 3.4 That the effects of the noxious weed declaration on access to and availability of camphor laurel timber within the region be monitored. [Far North Coast County Council]

Recommendation 3.5 That opportunities be embraced for linking timber stand management with noxious weed control plans to provide for long-term supply (albeit only once-off, the presumption being that replacement with other species will occur at least in the areas where camphor laurel is a declared noxious weed). [Far North Coast County Council]

Recommendation 3.6 That procedures be established for replanting with approved species areas from which camphor laurel is removed.
[Far North Coast County Council, Department of Land and Water Conservation, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Southern Cross University, Greening Australia, Sub-tropical Farm Forestry Association, Landcare groups, Nursery Industry Association]

Recommendation 3.7 That councils within the Northern Rivers region, especially those subject to the noxious weed declaration, consider the question of portable mill operation, and the associated transport and stockpiling of camphor laurel logs, with the view to adopting some consistent policy on the matter that does not unreasonably hinder the removal of these trees.
[Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils]

Recommendation 3.8 That legal assistance be obtained to design a form of contract that could be adopted generally within the region for the removal of camphor laurel timber from private land. [Camphor industry association, Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils, State Forests of NSW]

Recommendation 3.9 That opportunities be embraced for establishing stand improvement demonstration plots to engender public confidence in the potential for camphor laurel to be managed for timber production. [State Forests of NSW, Landcare groups, Sub-tropical Farm Forestry Association]

4. Marketing Plan: Sawn Timber and Value-added Products

Recommendation 4.1 That financial support be provided to the Ecological Timber Resource and NSW Regional Access Point in order to facilitate the promotion of camphor laurel and its products, to facilitate communication between businesses involved in its use, and to facilitate the marketing of their products. [Camphor industry association, Department of State and Regional Development, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board]

Recommendation 4.2 That a camphor industry association (perhaps styled the Camphor Laurel Loggers and Processors Association) be formed with a simple set of association rules and regulations, and that secretarial and administrative assistance be sought in the Association’s formative period to ensure rapid establishment and operation. [Department of State and Regional Development, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Northern Rivers Area Consultative Committee, Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils]

Recommendation 4.3 That a small Camphor Laurel Taskforce be established with representatives of the industry association, and of Local, State and Federal Government with the specific tasks of:

[Camphor industry association, Department of State and Regional Development, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Northern Rivers Area Consultative Committee, Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils]

Recommendation 4.4 That the feasibility be investigated of developing a strategic plan for the camphor laurel industry, drawing on the example set by the cypress pine industry. [Camphor industry association, Department of State and Regional Development, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Northern Rivers Area Consultative Committee, Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils]

Recommendation 4.5 That the potential for the development of a portable facility for the preservative treatment of camphor laurel timber at the point of harvest be investigated, including research into the regulatory standards (EPA, council) that might apply to the operation of such a facility. [Camphor industry association]

Recommendation 4.6 That the components of and the means of establishing a quality assurance system for camphor laurel products be investigated.
[Camphor industry association, State Forests of NSW, Timber Development Association, NSW Forest Products Association, Department of State and Regional Development]

Recommendation 4.7 That further work be undertaken by camphor industry members, with appropriate input from relevant organisations, on the development of standards for sapwood treatment and drying, and of a common brand. It is suggested that consideration be given to using for this purpose the regional brand being developed as part of the Northern Rivers Regional Strategy. [Camphor industry association]

Recommendation 4.8 That information on the physical and mechanical properties of camphor laurel timber be compiled, either from reliable published and unpublished sources or from the results of tests undertaken for the purpose, and disseminated in support of the various uses being promoted for the timber. [Camphor industry association, via the Ecological Timber Resource and NSW Regional Access Point, Camphor Laurel Taskforce]

Recommendation 4.9 That information on the toxicity of camphor laurel oil and its various constituents be compiled and presented in an unbiased way to the community. [National Health and Medical Research Council, NSW Department of Health]

Recommendation 4.10 That the properties and uses of camphor laurel timber be actively promoted by, for instance:

The Australian Woodworker and Australian Wood Review

[Camphor industry association, Department of State and Regional Development, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board]

Recommendation 4.11 That samples of camphor laurel timber, in a range of sizes, be prepared for Moxon and Company to make further assessment of overseas markets. [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Camphor industry association]

Recommendation 4.12 That a meeting of local producers of camphor laurel timber and timber exporters be facilitated with the objective of examining potential export marketing arrangements (including volumes, flows, sizes, seasoning, treatment and grading). [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Camphor industry association]

Recommendation 4.13 That users of camphor laurel timber collectively communicate their timber needs to State Forests of NSW and to local councils. This information should be in the form of a table that specifies dimensional and other requirements for the range of timber uses. [Camphor industry association, State Forests of NSW, Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils]

Recommendation 4.14 To enhance value-adding prospects, seek to obtain and to compile the results of camphor oil analyses already undertaken in the region in order to better characterise the oil of the two known chemotypes in the local Cinnamomum camphora population, and possibly to reveal the presence of other varieties. [State Forests of NSW]

Recommendation 4.15 That a comprehensive study be undertaken of the oil of camphor laurel trees growing in the Northern Rivers region. The study should identify the varieties of camphor tree within the region, and obtain data on the variation in oil composition and yield within and between varieties, the variation in oil composition between different parts of the tree, and the variation in yield and composition with varying ages of tree. [Southern Cross University, State Forests of NSW, Northern Rivers Regional Development Board]

Recommendation 4.16 Following on from recommendation 4.10, that investigation be made into possible uses, and that research be encouraged to develop new uses, for local camphor oil. [Department of State and Regional Development, Australian Tea Tree Oil Research Institute]

Recommendation 4.17 That a thorough study be undertaken of international markets for camphor oil. [Department of State and Regional Development, Essential oil consultants]

Go to the TOP of the Page

1 Introduction

1.1 Camphor history

The camphor laurel (or, simply, the camphor tree), Cinnamomum camphora, belongs to the family Lauraceae, and is a fast-growing, broad-leaved evergreen tree, native to warm-temperate and subtropical areas of East Asia. More specifically, it is indigenous to eastern China, from Kiangsu in the north to Kwangtung and Hai-nan island in the south, and westward to Szechwan and Yunnan. From south-eastern Yunnan, Kwangsi and Kwangtung the distribution continues southward into Vietnam. To the north and east of the Chinese mainland the species has been reported from the Korean island of Cheju-do, but not from the Korean peninsula; it is indigenous to Taiwan, and to southern Japan, including Kyushu, Shikoku, southern Honshu, and the Ryukyu archipelago.

The limits of the indigenous distribution of C. camphora have probably been extended locally by planting for many centuries, but large tracts were destroyed, especially in China and Taiwan, at the height of international demand for camphor and during periods of civil rebellion in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Since the seventeenth century the species has been successfully introduced to areas far beyond its natural range, the first such introduction being from Japan to Holland by the 1670s. It was a common greenhouse plant in England by the close of the eighteenth century. Within Asia, it was introduced to Java by the 1780s, to India before 1840, then to Burma, Sri Lanka and Singapore. The latter half of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century saw its expansion into southern Europe, Africa, Australasia, and the Americas.

Camphor wood was highly valued in China and Japan, and later in India and the West, for making moth-proof cupboards etc. for the storage of clothes and textiles. It was also one of the preferred woods for lining grave vaults and making coffins. Artefacts and furniture of high quality were carved from camphor wood. From ancient times, perhaps the largest source of demand, and the principal cause of destruction of the tree in China and Japan, was ship-building. It is unknown when camphor was first extracted from this species, but it was certainly before the time of Marco Polo in the thirteenth century, and probably before the ninth century. Camphor from C. camphora was, however, the least valued of the kinds available, the best being the socalled Borneo camphor, obtained from species of Dryobalanops whose area of distribution is centred on Borneo. Thus, until modern times, the living trees and the cut timber of C. camphora were more valuable than its distilled camphor.

The foregoing is intended only as a brief introduction to the early history and the worldwide spread of C. camphora. It has largely been gleaned from Donkin (1999) which is a detailed and comprehensive study of the historical geography of camphor, and from which further information about C. camphora and the other important camphor-bearing species can be obtained.

1.2 The camphor laurel ‘problem’ in north-eastern New South Wales

The worldwide spread of C. camphora which occurred from about the end of the seventeenth century has been remarked upon above. In Australia, the earliest definite record of its introduction is for the year 1854, although it is possible that the species first arrived in this country in the 1820s or 1830s (Firth 1980). In the coastal cities and towns of eastern Australia it was planted widely as a shade tree along streets and in parks and other public places from the 1860s. In the Richmond- Tweed district of north-eastern New South Wales, where the species has thrived and now exists in a higher concentration than anywhere else in Australia, planting accelerated around 1900. By this time clearance of the native rainforests for dairy farming had so denuded the landscape that it became necessary to plant trees to provide shade and shelter for stock. The fast-growing camphor laurel was extensively used for this purpose.

Changes in landuse in the Richmond-Tweed district since the 1960s have led to the proliferation of the species. In particular, the transition from intensive dairy farming to extensive beef cattle grazing in this district, with its increase in absentee ownership of land and reduced commitment of labour to weed control, has led to the spread of the species across large areas of former dairying land. The species has also infested the sites of abandoned banana plantations, and roadside verges. It is particularly prevalent along stream banks, and in gullies, on steep slopes, and on rocky and other unmanageable areas. The threat which its increasing abundance and weedlike characteristics pose to land managers in the Richmond-Tweed district in particular was first highlighted by Firth in the late 1970s (Firth 1979a&b, 1981).

1.3 Noxious weed declaration

A great deal of effort has been expended by land management authorities and others in the last two decades to researching and publicising methods of controlling the spread of camphor laurel. Much of the attention to date has been on chemical control methods, mainly the application by spraying, stem injection and other techniques of a variety of herbicides (e.g. Firth 1985, Fox 1997). Attempts at control have been, however, generally fragmentary and unco-ordinated, and entirely unequal to the task of countering the rapid spread of the species.

In 1994 the Richmond Catchment Management Committee held a workshop on camphor laurel at the Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, one of the outcomes of which was a recommendation that the species be declared a noxious weed in terms of the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. As a result the Far North Coast County Council, the control authority under the Noxious Weeds Act for the Tweed, Byron, Ballina, Lismore, Casino, Richmond River, Kyogle and Copmanhurst local government areas, embarked upon a process to achieve the declaration of the species. This process included a series of three public meetings which were held in Lismore, Grafton and Murwillumbah in 1997 to gauge community attitudes to such a declaration, the results of which have been reported (Far North Coast County Council 1998). At the time of commencement of this project, an application to declare camphor laurel a noxious weed was awaiting the approval of the Minister for Agriculture. The declaration has since been made (NSW Government Gazette, 6 August 1999).

The application before the minister was a compromise between the need for an enforceable, consistent, and co-ordinated regional approach to camphor laurel removal, and the desire to avoid imposing unreasonable, and perhaps unbearable costs on landholders charged with the responsibility of removal. The proposal was therefore to declare camphor laurel as a category W4 weed requiring the following actions: (a) the removal of all trees three metres or less in height, and (b) the removal of all trees over three metres in height and not included in an approved management plan providing for their gradual removal and replacement with native species over a period of up to twenty years. The declaration covers the Far North Coast County Council area as described above, exclusive of Tweed and Byron Shires and part of Ballina Shire. Independently of the Far North Coast County Council, Ulmarra and Maclean Shires were pursuing declaration within their respective areas, and Maclean Shire has been included in the area to which the recent declaration applies.

Community opinion remains strongly divided over the proposed declaration of camphor laurel, despite widespread acknowledgment that something needs to be done to control the proliferation of the species, and despite general agreement that the community as a whole should take responsibility for its control.

1.4 From pest to profit

There is a great diversity of opinions within the community on how the camphor laurel ‘problem’ should be dealt with, a good overview of which is provided in Far North Coast County Council (1998). One comparatively novel opinion is that camphor laurel should be viewed as a resource which can provide local economic benefit, rather than as a pest requiring eradication. By developing commercial uses for the species, the cost of its control might be reduced, and its better management might thereby be facilitated. This is the view that has given rise to the present study which has been jointly funded by the Department of State and Regional Development, through the Northern Rivers Regional Development Board (NRRDB), and by the Northern Rivers Area Consultative Committee (NRACC), and administered by the Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils (NOROC).

The local commercial use of camphor laurel is not new. There is evidence of the use of camphor laurel timber in the manufacture of furniture in Grafton in or perhaps before the 1950s, and anecdotal evidence that a mill was set up in Lismore in the 1950s to peel camphor laurel logs. More recently, camphor laurel timber has contributed to the livelihood of a large number of Richmond- Tweed residents who have derived economic benefit from the species through activities as diverse as the export of camphor laurel logs, the milling of camphor laurel boards and slabs, and the manufacture of high quality furniture.

Quite obviously, there is the potential for conflict between the goal of removal of camphor laurel trees and the prevention of their spread, and the goal of creating or fostering economic activity based on the use of the species. Indeed, the recent declaration under the Noxious Weeds Act has important implications for the commercial use of the species. This point is considered elsewhere, however, along with consideration of the effects of several other pieces of legislation on the prospects for turning the camphor laurel ‘pest’ into profit.

1.5 The State Forests of NSW plantation program

State Forests on New South Wales (SFNSW) currently are examining the potential for the establishment of timber plantations on camphor-infested freehold land in the Richmond-Tweed district, and the use for the production of ‘biomass’ for electricity generation of camphor laurel cleared from such land during site preparation. This project is mentioned elsewhere in this report, but it is considered to be of such significance in the present context to warrant introduction here. The SFNSW project has the potential to offer a practical, commercial approach to the solution of the camphor laurel problem. Notwithstanding that it is intended to use most of the standing camphor laurel vegetation as biomass, it will still produce camphor laurel timber, as a by-product, on a large scale relative to the present production within the district. Moreover, there is the potential to distil large volumes of camphor oil from chipped material prior to its use as fuel. It is also likely that many of the legal obstacles to the removal of camphor laurel will be investigated, negotiated and perhaps tested by SFNSW during their development of this project. In many ways, therefore, the SFNSW project has a bearing on the general questions of camphor laurel removal, replacement, and utilisation which are reported on below.

Recommendation 1.1 That progress by State Forests of New South Wales in their program of timber plantation establishment on camphor laurel lands be monitored closely, and that their activities be integrated as appropriate with other regional activities involving the utilisation and removal of Cinnamomum camphora. [Northern Rivers Regional Development Board, Department of Land and Water Conservation]

1.6 Northern Rivers Regional Strategy

This strategy provides an agreed framework for economic development within the Northern Rivers region, and therefore a planning context for the present study. It implies the need for economic, social and environmental sustainability in regional development. The strategy is a co-operative venture between the Northern Rivers Economic Development Organisation (NOREDO), the Northern Rivers Regional Organisation of Councils (NOROC), and the Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, supported by state and local government agencies, industry and conservation groups, and individuals within the region (Northern Rivers Regional Strategy Secretariat 1999). Given the regional commitment to sustainable development expressed in the Regional strategy, it must be admitted at the outset that there might appear to be an inherent contradiction between the need to control or eliminate a noxious weed, and the desire to build long-term, sustainable business or industry based on the same species. The resolution of this contradiction might be found, however: partly in the long-term, controlled and orderly removal of the species from areas where it is declared noxious, ensuring maximum utilisation of the tree as it is removed; in the fact that it has been declared noxious across only part of its range; in considering the camphor laurel as part of the broader activity of farm-forestry, where replacement with other species, desirable in both commercial and ecological contexts, will occur as camphor laurel is removed; and, possibly, with the development of camphor laurel forestry as a long-term activity in areas where its removal is either not required under the Noxious Weeds Act or local government policy, or might even be discouraged for ecological, aesthetic or other reasons.

1.7 Report format

The remainder of this document consists of: reports on the camphor laurel resource (s.2), and timber flows (s.3); a marketing plan (s.4); acknowledgments (s.5); and a bibliography (s.6). The bibliography contains most of the items included already as references in the preceding sections, and additional items. Recommendations occur within the text as they arise, and are also listed together at the beginning of this document. Where it has been possible to identify appropriate agencies to carry forward recommendations, these are named after each recommendation.

Recommendation 1.2 That consideration be given to using students of the School of Resource Science and Management (including students in the Sustainable Forestry program), Southern Cross University, to carry out some of the recommended actions. Some of these recommendations may make suitable research projects for final year undergraduate students or post-graduate students in partial fulfilment of the requirements of their courses of study, and therefore can be undertaken at minimal cost.

1.8 References

Donkin, R. A., 1999. Dragon’s brain perfume: an historical geography of camphor (Brill, Leiden).

Far North Coast County Council, 1998. Camphor laurel on the North Coast of NSW: a study of community attitudes to the potential for declaration of camphor laurel as a noxious weed (FNCC, Casino).

Firth, D. J., 1979a. ‘The ecology of Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) in the Richmond- Tweed region of north-eastern New South Wales’, B. Litt. thesis, University of New England, Armidale.

Firth, D. J., 1979b. Camphor laurel: important tree weed in north-east New South Wales, Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 90, 14-15.

Firth, D. J., 1980. History of introduction of Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel tree) to Australia, Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 46(4), 244-245.

Firth, D. J., 1981. Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)—a new weed in north-eastern New South Wales, Australian Weeds 1(2), 26-28.

Firth, D. J., 1985. Camphor laurel: chemical treatment methods, Agfacts, NSW Department of Agriculture, Sydney, 1 p.

Fox, M., 1997. ‘A comparison of three herbicide injection methods on the woody weed camphor laurel, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm. and the initial vegetation recruitment phase in the Richmond-Tweed region of New South Wales’, M. App. Sc. qual. report, School of Resource Science and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore.

Northern Rivers Regional Strategy Secretariat, 1999. Real actions for a sustainable future—a business plan for phase two, Strategy Secretariat, Grafton.

Go to the TOP of the Page

Go to the NEXT Section